|
Este trabajo
está basado en un informe en la web de Canadá, al cual se le
incluyó la reciente Ley del Patrimonio Cultural de Argentina.
La mayoría de las
jurisdicciones estan enfrentando serios problemas para
identificar y manejar sus recursos culturales submarinos. El
acceso al mundo submarino se ha expandido enormemente en los
ultimos 50 años como resultado de los avances en los equipos
de buceo y la creciente disponibilidad de minisubmarinos,
sonar de barrido lateral y mangetómetros. Estas tecnologías
proveen las herramientas necesarias para encontrar restos de
buques, que es el primer proceso en manejar estos recursos.
Desafortunadamente, muchos de los que estan en ésto lo hacen
para ganancia personal y no les importa los temas mayores.
Muchas leyes han sido puestas en efecto para tratar de detener
o morigerar el salvataje de pecios historicos, pero su
implementacion ha sido complicada por la falta de fondos,
dificultades en llevar a la justicia crimenes que se llevan a
cabo fuera de la vista de la gente y actitudes que se nutren
de la romántica nocion de la búsqueda de tesoros. La
llave para mejorar un
manejo sustentable de este recurso puede ser la educacion de
la gente, pero buenas leyes son necesarias para manejar a los
pocos que actuan sólo para su propio interés. La
intencion de las leyes de proteccion del patrimonio cultural
submarino son de proteger y manejar estos importantes recursos
del patrimonio para beneficio de todos. Es demasiado tarde
para muchos pecios debido a años de salvataje, coleccionar
souvenirs y daños por la actividad pesquera . Esto hace aún
más importante el protegerlos y manejar adecuadamente lo que
aún queda. La intencion
de esta breve sinopsis es proveer de una serie de vistas del
estado actual del manejo del recurso del patrimonio marítimo,
en términos de legislación y programas. NO es comprehensivo y
no es un documento estático ya que se incorporará nueva
informacion toda vez que se la encuentre. Si Ud. está
involucrado en la implementacion de legislacion de proteccion
del patrimonio cultural marítimo en cualquier parte del
mundo, por favor ayude a que ésta sea una fuente de
informacion completa, proveyendo sus datos. - Muchas Gracias.
Nota: El signo $ denota
dólares estadounidenses.
| País |
Argentina |
| Provincia/Estado |
Válida
en todo el territorio de Argentina |
| Titulo de la Ley |
De
Proteccion del Patrimonio Arqueológico y
Paleontológico. |
| Tipo de Ley |
Ley Nacional |
| Citación. |
Nº
25.743/2003 |
| Administracion |
El
Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento
Latinoamericano, dependiente de la Secretaría de
Cultura de la Nación, será el organismo nacional
competente que tendrá a su cargo las facultades
prevista. |
| Jurisdiccion |
Cada
Provincia debería fijar su ente de aplicacion o derivar
al nacional. |
| Comentarios |
Ley muy
nueva aún, faltarían fijar algunos criterios. |
| Sistemas
de permisos |
es necesario obtener
previamente una concesión de la autoridad competente
correspondiente al ámbito jurisdiccional en que se
encuentren los yacimientos donde se efectuarán los
estudios.Las solicitudes de concesión para realizar
prospecciones y/o investigaciones arqueológicas o
paleontológicas deberán reunir, por lo menos, los
siguientes requisitos básicos: a) Nombre y
domicilio de la/s persona/s o institución de
investigación nacionales o extranjeras que la
soliciten, con la indicación expresa de su carácter
científico y sin fines de especulación comercial.
b) Nómina del personal
científico interviniente, los que deberán poseer
idoneidad en relación con las tareas científicas a
realizar.
c) Nómina del personal
de apoyo u otras personas que intervengan en la misma
con su correspondiente identificación personal y
antecedentes vinculados con la actividad a realizar.
d) Una carta o esquema
topográfico con la delimitación precisa del lugar o
lugares donde se llevará a cabo la investigación.
e) Las finalidades de la
misión, sus alcances científicos o culturales, los
medios o capacidad logística con que se propone actuar.
f) Un plan de trabajo con
la metodología a emplear y toda otra información que
permita a la autoridad competente evaluar previamente
sus propósitos y resultados.
g) Las fechas, etapas o
lapsos de duración de la misión.
h) Los requerimientos
ulteriores que pudieran convenir a la investigación
científica posterior a la misión.
Quedan excluidos
del cumplimiento de dichos requisitos, los
investigadores que presenten planes de trabajo
acreditados y aprobados por organismos oficiales científicos
o universitarios, nacionales o provinciales.Cuando la
concesión sea solicitada por un investigador o
institución científica extranjera se exigirá, además,
como condición previa, que trabaje con una institución
científica estatal o universitaria argentina y la
autorización del Gobierno nacional en orden a su
competencia.Las personas o instituciones concesionarias
deberán someter todas las piezas y materiales que
extrajeren a la fiscalización y registro ante el
organismo competente local. De igual manera, deberán
elevar al concluir las investigaciones en un lapso no
mayor de un (1) año, un informe científico documentado
con los resultados obtenidos en los estudios y copia de
las publicaciones que resulten de los trabajos.
|
| Penalidades |
Multa
y decomiso de los bienes. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Nova
Scotia |
| Titulo
de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo
de Ley |
Estatuto
Provincial |
| Citación. |
Chapter 438 of
Revised Statutes,1989, amended 1990, c.45; 1994-95,
c.17. |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
Jurisdiccion
incluye cualquier parte de la provincia, incluyendo
tierra cubierta por agua que tenga una significancia
arqueologica, historica o paleontologica importante como
un sitio
protegido. |
| Comentarios |
Todos
los objetos recobrados deben ser entregados a un museo u
otra institucion pública que el Ministerio puede
designar y los objetos se tornan propiedad de la
Provincia. En 1980 el Special Places Protection
Act reemplazo al Historical Objects Protection
Act (1970). Conflictos potenciales de la
explotacion vs. la conservacion existen en el Treasure Trove Act.
Una costa extensa y variada hace el manejo dificil, como
tambien la falta de recursos financieros y humanos. La
comunidad de buceo, aunque grande y activa, no está
bien organizada en algunas jurisdicciones lo que hace la
comunicacion difícil. Esta en curso un proceso de
consulta para desarrollar un acercamiento estratégico
al aspecto del patrimonio marino del Special Places Protection Act.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Un permiso de investigacion
del patrimonio es requerido por cualquier persona que
lleve a cabo exploraciones o excavaciones en cualquier
parte de la provincia, incluynedo tierras cubiertas por
agua, para el proposito de buscar objetos del patrimonio
cultural. Estos permisos se entregan rpara investigacion
arqueologica, paleontologica e historica. Hay tres tipos
de permiso arqueologicos:reconocimiento arqueologico;
investigacion profesional e investigacion del impacto
arqueologico. Cada uno tiene requerimientos diferentes y
estos se encuentran en el sitio web del NOIva Scotia
Museum.
El pedido de uno de estos
permisos debe estar acompañado de una descripcion
completa del proyecto, metodologias y calificaciones de
los participantes. El solicitante debe ser competente
para llevar a cabo la investigacion propuesta. Un
informe del trabajo completado debe ser entregado en un
período dado. No hay ostos por los permisos y son
válidos solo durante el año calendario en que fueron
dados.
|
| Penalidades |
Una
contravencion al Acta o a condiciones de permiso de
investigacion en Patrimonio es una ofensa con conviccion
sumaria, un individuo puede ser multado en hasta $
10.000, una corporacion en hasta $ 10.000.- |
| País |
Canadá |
| Provincia/Estado |
Nova Scotia |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Estatuto
Provincial |
| Citación. |
Chapter 477 of
Revised Statutes,1989 |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
Con
una licencia, una persona puede tener el derecho de
buscar en cualquier parte de la provincia especificada
en la licencia por piedras preciosas o metales en un
estado distinto del que se encuentra en la naturaleza y
recibrar y retener esto previo pago al Ministerio de un
royalty que será valuado por el gobierno. |
| Comentarios |
El
Ata es paralela al Acta de Exploracion Minera de la
provincia y es única en Canada en cuanto provee de un
foco de explotacion de recursos de fuentes de
patrimonio. Distinto de la busqueda de tesoros, que
lidia con "tesoros" escondidos
intencionalmente, este Acto considera todas
las"piedras preciosas o metales en un estado
distinto al que se encuentra naturalmente" como
tesoro. Las intenciones originales del Acta, que era
tratar con el alegado tesoro pirata de Oak Island, ha
sido ampliado para tratar con tesoros que sean
circunstancialmente hallados en nuafragios. UN
memorandum de acuerdo entre dos agencias administradoras
requiere que los licenciatarios del tesoro obtengan un
permiso de investigacion de patrimonio o dispensa del
Museo de Nova Scotia, administradores del Acta de
Protecion de Lugares Especiales.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Upon application and payment of a fee, a license may
be obtained through an Order in Council. The license
allows a person to hunt for treasure on Crown lands or
apply for access to private lands to do the same. A
person, whether licensed or not, who discovers or
recovers any precious stones or metals in a state
other than their natural state or any treasure or
treasure trove is required to report such findings to
the Minister. The holder of a license may pay a
royalty to the Minister to retain the treasure for
his/her own use and benefit. |
| Penalidades |
No
hay penalidades previstas |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
New Brunswick |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
1954, Revised Statute; Chapter H-6 amended in 1958,
1960-61, 1975, 1986, 1992, 1998. |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
The Minister of
Economic Development, Tourism and Culture may
designate a site as historic thereby affording it
protected status. No archaeological field research may
be done in the province without a permit. |
| Comentarios |
Artifacts
are property of the Province and must be turned over
to the New Brunswick Museum or the Archaeology Branch,
Department of Economic Development, Tourism and
Culture.
New Brunswick provides subsidized Nautical
Archaeology Society classes for interested divers.
To date, there have not been any conflicts with sport
divers.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
A New Brunswick Archaeological Field License is
required for each separate project. A person may hold
several licenses, and there is no fee for licenses. A
licensee must hold an advanced degree in Archaeology
(or its equivalent), as well as four months of
field experience of which at least two months must
have been in a supervisory position. A preliminary
report must be filed thirty days after license expires
and a final technical report must be submitted by
March 31 of the following year. |
| Penalidades |
There are no specific penalties for
shipwrecks beyond those used for Archaeology in
general. There has been no cause to enforce penalties
to this point. Damaging a site is a Category B or E
offense under the Part II of the Provincial
Offenses Procedure Act. Where the offense
continues for more than one day, fines are calculated
on a per day basis. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Newfoundland
& Labrador |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
Chapter H-4,1985 |
| Administracion |
Department
of Tourism, Culture and Recreation; Cultural
Affairs Branch; Historic Resources Division |
| Jurisdiccion |
Jurisdiction
includes in, on or forming part of the land within the
province and 'land' includes land covered by water,
whether fresh or salt. |
| Comentarios |
All
artifacts are property of the Crown. It is illegal to
buy, sell, trade or otherwise dispose of or remove an
archaeological object from the province. There is a
clause whereby if a person dies who is in possession
of an archaeological object, the executor of the
estate is responsible for delivering the
archaeological object to the Crown's possession.
The Provincial Archaeology Office has received
reports of people sport diving on historic wrecks and
the RCMP have been called in to investigate, but no
charges have been laid. It is generally felt that
there are not enough human and financial resources to
provide outreach and proactive programs
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
A permit is required to conduct archaeological
investigation for the purposes of discovering
archaeological objects. This includes a survey or
examination, whether or not it involves interference
with or removal of the soil. Permits are issued
for two broad categories: Archaeological Research and
Impact Assessments. There is no fee for a permit and
no set time limits for permits. Permits are evaluated
on a case-by-case basis. Progress reports and final
reports are required. The site must be restored to the
condition it existed in prior to the investigation,
where it is reasonably possible to do so. |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of the Act, regulations,
or the conditions of a permit or the terms of easement
or covenant is guilty of an offense and liable on
summary conviction to a fine of not more than $50,000
or to imprisonment up to one year or both. Each day
the offense continues constitutes a separate offense.
Powers of peace officer may be vested in employees of
the Division. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Prince
Edward Island |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Archaeological
Sites Protection ActSpecial
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
Chapter A-17, 1987; amendments in 1988, 1993,
1995 |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
The Minister of
Education may designate any land as an archaeological
site. Jurisdiction includes land, the bed or subsoil
of inland or territorial waters of the province |
| Comentarios |
All
artifacts are property of the Crown (province).
The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage
Foundation is the public repository for artifacts.
Fines for contravention of the Act are very small.
The Act tends to be administered in a reactive rather
than proactive way because of a lack of financial and
human resources.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
A permit is required to conduct archaeological
research. Only one type of permit is issued. Requests
for permits are reviewed by a volunteer board, who
make recommendations to the Minister of Education.
Permits vary in duration depending on the nature of
the project. There are no fees for the permit. A
report must be furnished to the Minister of Education
within twelve months of the date of issue of the
permit. |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of Act, the terms of
permit, or any direction of the Minister carries a
maximum fine of $2,000 |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Quebec |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Les Lois Sur Les Biens Culturels/Cultural Property
ActSpecial
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
Revised Statutes, Chapter B-4,1972, revised in 73,
78, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96. |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
No specific
protection is afforded explicitly to shipwrecks. An
archaeological site is defined as a place where
archaeological property is found. Archaeological
property is defined as any movable or immovable
property indicating historic or prehistoric human
occupation. All cultural property may be recognized or
classified in whole or in part by the Minister in
accordance with this division (currently Culture and
Communications). The Minister may, with the advice of
the Commission, recognize any cultural property whose
conservation presents a public interest (is in the
interest of the public). |
| Comentarios |
Some
interesting notes - a list of cultural property that
is recognized and classified by the Minister is
published annually in the Gazette officielle du
Quebec. Any cultural property that is recognized and
classified may not be transported outside of the
province without a permit. All classified cultural
property must be kept in good condition. Discoveries
of archaeological property must be reported to the
Minister without delay.
The Minister of Culture and Communications has a
good working relationship with divers. For example,
one diving organization Group de preservation des
vestiges subaquatiques de Manicouagan has a stated
objective to make divers and the general public aware
of the need to preserve underwater archaeological
remains. The group encourages its members to enroll in
a Nautical
Archaeology Society course. Many of their members
have participated in underwater archaeology projects
on a volunteer basis. As a result of the diving
community's efforts, one shipwreck, The Empress of
Ireland is permanently protected.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
There is only one type of archaeological research
permit issued. The permittee must have a Master's
Degree in Archaeology and a minimum of twenty weeks of
field work. There is no fee for the permit. Permits
are valid for one year. An annual report of activities
must be submitted to the Minister. The information
contained within the report is not publicly released,
without the permit holder's permission, before five
years has passed. |
| Penalidades |
Any person who contravenes the Act is
liable to a fine of not less than $625 and not more
than $60,700. Any person who assists another person in
committing an offense is guilty of the offense as if
he had himself committed it. Every person who, by his
encouragement, advice or order, cause another person
to commit an offense is guilty of that offense |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Ontario |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
Revised Statutes, Chapter O-18, 1990 |
| Administracion |
Ministry of Citizenship, Culture, and Recreation,
Archaeology and Heritage Planning |
| Jurisdiccion |
Property is
protected by means of designation by the Minister.
'Property' means real property, but does not include
buildings other than ruins, burial mounds, petroglyphs
and earthworks. Act does not specifically state
shipwrecks, but these can be considered 'property'. |
| Comentarios |
All
objects must be deposited in a public institution
designated by the Minister.
Ontario has a very active diving community that
promotes underwater archaeology and preservation of
historic wrecks for the enjoyment of all. Save Our
Shipwrecks, founded in 1981, has as one of their
stated goals, to help educate the diving community and
the general public to protect Ontario's marine
heritage. Another active diving group with similar
goals is Protect Our Wrecks.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
An Archaeological Underwater License is required to
conduct a general survey or to survey a site. The
licenses are valid for one calendar year and expire
each year on December 31. The licenses are issued for
a specific geographic area. Conditions that are
applied to the licenses are evaluated on a
case-by-case basis. Applicants must be competent to
conduct research and past conduct may be taken into
consideration when deciding whether or not a permit
will be issued. At the close of each field season a
report must be submitted entailing the work completed.
There are no fees for the licenses. |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of the Act by an
individual yields a fine of not more than $50,000, one
year imprisonment, or both. Contravention of the Act
by a corporation yields a fine of not more than
$250,000. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Manitoba |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
12-May-86 |
| Administracion |
Manitoba Culture, Heritage, and Citizenship |
| Jurisdiccion |
Law applies to
archaeological objects on or beneath land in Manitoba,
or submerged or partially submerged beneath the
surface of any watercourse or permanent body of water
in Manitoba. Certain sites can also be designated as
protected by Minister. |
| Comentarios |
There
have not been many incidents of shipwreck diving,
looting etc. Their emphasis is on co-operation - they
want the information, not the actual objects. Province
owns artifacts, however, right of custody is such that
the private land owner has custody of artifacts found
on his/her land, artifacts found on Crown land belong
to the Crown. Custody can be transferred. Artifacts
cannot leave Province without a permit.
In the past, the Division has provided public
talks/slide shows about the Heritage Resources Act.
They have a variety of pamphlets about the Act and
archaeology. Funding cutbacks over the past several
years have affected the program negatively.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Permits required to search or excavate for heritage
objects There is only one type of permit issued.
Permits are issued on a project-by-project basis. No
specific time period, usually issued for summer field
season. No fee for permits. No formal education needed
for permits (license to collect). Stipulations and
requirements issued on a permit-by-permit basis. |
| Penalidades |
Penalties for contravention of Act are
$5,000 for an individual for each day the offense
continues and $10,000 for a corporation for each day
the offense continues. The judge may also order the
convicted to pay costs associated with restoration,
etc. of damaged artifacts. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Alberta |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statue |
| Citación. |
Revised Statutes, Chapter H-8, 1980, amended 1983,
1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997. |
| Administracion |
Provincial Museum of Alberta; Archaeological Survey
of Alberta |
| Jurisdiccion |
Archaeological
resource that is or was buried in land in Alberta or
submerged beneath the surface of any watercourse or
permanent body of water in Alberta. |
| Comentarios |
Shipwrecks
have not been a serious issue. |
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Permits are required. Two types of permits are
issued: Archaeological Research Permit or Mitigative
Research Permit. Permit holders must have a
post-graduate degree in archaeology or anthropology
and must have completed a written thesis. Permit
holders must have completed 24 weeks of supervised
archaeology field work and 6 weeks of archaeology
laboratory and/or curating. Permit holders must have
previously completed a project similar in scope. Very
detailed report, catalogue etc. must be submitted 180
days after expiration of license. Specimen collected
must be delivered to a public institution 270 days
after the expiration of the permit. |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of the Act or regulations
(i.e. the Archaeological Research Permit Regulation)
is considered an offense and carries a fine of not
more than $50,000 or imprisonment of up to one year,
or both. If a provincial Historic Resource is damaged
or altered, the person may be charged restoration
fees. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
British Columbia |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Statute |
| Citación. |
1977, amended in 1994. Revised Statues 1996, Chapter
187, amended in1997. |
| Administracion |
Small Business, Tourism, and Culture; Archaeology
Branch |
| Jurisdiccion |
Protects
shipwrecks that are older than two years or have been
abandoned. Jurisdiction includes land covered by
water. |
| Comentarios |
Previously
known as the Archaeological and Historic Sites
Protection Act, which was implemented in 1960. The
Archaeological and Historic Sites Protection Act
was amended in 1972 to include land covered by water,
thus protecting shipwrecks. In 1977, the Archaeological
and Historic Sites Protection Act was replaced
with the Heritage Conservation Act.
The Heritage Conservation Act
was amended in 1994 and 1997. Artifacts collected must
be deposited in a museum with curatorial capabilities.
Persons cannot damage or alter a heritage wreck or
remove any heritage object from a heritage wreck.
The Archaeology Branch has a good working
relationship with the Underwater Archaeology Society
of British Columbia (UASBC). The UASBC essentially act
as 'wardens' of underwater world. The Archaeology
Branch also has a good working relationship with the
Receiver of Wrecks, as they alert one another of
potential conflicts. Looting of historic shipwrecks
has not posed much of a problem, perhaps because many
of the wrecks did not contain 'treasure'. The
shipwrecks are used more as an underwater biological
reserves for sport divers. The Archaeology Branch has
produced an educational brochure which is distributed
to various dive clubs, sites, and other users.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Permits are required for archaeological research.
There are no fees for permits, which are issued for a
period of one year. Permit applicants must have
demonstrated ability in underwater archaeology.
Licensees must submit a report and completed shipwreck
inventory and shipwreck recording forms to
Minister following completed research. |
| Penalidades |
Individual maximum fines are $50,000
and/or imprisonment of not more than 2 years;
corporation maximum fines are $1,000,000. If a
corporation commits an offense, an employee, officer,
director or agent of the corporation who authorized,
permitted or acquiesced in the offense also commits
the offense and is liable. |
| País |
Canada |
| Provincia/Estado |
Yukon |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Yukon Act - Yukon Archaeological Sites RegulationSpecial
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Provincial Regulation (Statute) |
| Citación. |
1956, Volume 90. Amended in 1978. (?) |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
The
regulations do not specifically refer to shipwrecks or
underwater sites. All 'archaeological sites' are
protected. An archaeological site is defined as a site
or work of archaeological, ethnological or historical
importance, interest or significance or where an
archaeological specimen is found, and includes
explorers cairns. |
| Comentarios |
Interesting
point - the Minister may stipulate that artifacts be
left in situ if they can be permanently preserved in
situ as an object of scientific or historic interest.
There are no set penalties for contravention of
regulations. The Minister may designate a depository
for specimens collected. Artifacts are property of the
Territory.
Have had difficulties with American entrepreneurs
attempting to salvage aircraft from lake bottoms
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
A permit is required for investigation or excavation
of an archaeological site, and for removal or
collection of archaeological specimens. A permit is
valid for not more than 2 years from the date of
issue. Permits are evaluated on a case-by-case basis
(as far as credentials, etc.). There is no fee for the
permit. Permitees are required to submit two copies of
a report on work completed at the end of each field
season. Any published report must be finished to the
Minister in duplicate. |
| Penalidades |
No penalties outlined in Regulations. |
| País |
United
States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
Alaska |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
Title 41, Chapter 35, 1970, revised in 1992. |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
The State has
title to all historic, prehistoric, and archaeological
resources situated on land owned or controlled by the
state, including tideland and submerged land, and
reserves to itself the exclusive right of field
archaeology on state owned or controlled land. Certain
groups may obtain permission from the state to study
or display artifacts. |
| Comentarios |
In
the past four years, shipwrecks have become an issue.
Previous to this, World War vintage air craft were an
issue. Location of shipwreck must be kept
confidential - only the Office has right to publicly
disclose shipwreck location.
Discrepancy in what is written in regulations and
what information was given over the phone regarding
permit regulations - for shipwreck research, principal
investigator must have a Master's degree in
Archaeology with underwater archaeology experience, a
well designed research plan must accompany permit
application, a state institution must be appointed to
receive and conserve artifacts. Two types of shipwreck
permits issued - Survey/Testing and
Excavation/Removal. Pure research law, in the words of
Russ Sackett. The law does not permit casual
collection - it is a 'blanket' law.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Permits may be issued for investigation, excavation,
gathering and removal from the natural state of
historic, prehistoric or archaeological resources of
the state. Duration of permits varies - evaluated on a
case-by-case basis. Regulations stipulate that permits
may not be issued for longer than three years. There
are no fees for permits. An individual applying for a
permit must have a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of
Science in History or Anthropology with a
specialization in Archaeology and a minimum of six
months field work. Progress reports and final reports
must be submitted to the director. Site must be
restored to a satisfactory condition. |
| Penalidades |
It is illegal to appropriate, excavate,
remove, injure or destroy, without a permit from the
commissioner, any historic, prehistoric, or
archaeological resource of the state It is also
illegal to possess, sell, buy, or transport within the
state, historic, prehistoric, or archaeological
resource taken or acquired in violation of the Act.
Contravention of the Act could result in either or
both criminal penalties (fine plus imprisonment or
both) or civil penalties (maximum fine of $100,000 for
each violation - each artifact constitutes a separate
offense). |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
Massachusetts |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
1973, amended in 1992 and 1996 |
| Administracion |
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Massac |
| Jurisdiccion |
Shipwrecks are
defined as abandoned properties, artifacts, treasure
trove or sunken ships which have remained unclaimed
for one hundred years or more or have a value greater
than $5,000. Jurisdiction includes inland and coastal
waters of Massachusetts. Coastal waters are waters
within the rise and fall of the tide and the marine
limits of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts
(3 mile limit). Inland waters are all those waters in Massachusetts
other than coastal water. |
| Comentarios |
The
Board compiles and publishes a list of exempt
shipwrecks. Casual diving and artifact collection (no
permit required) is permitted on these sites. Isolated
finds are exempt from the permit process, however, an
isolated finds application form must be filled out and
submitted to the board. For underwater archaeological
resources, the permittee is distributed 75% of the
value of the recovered resource and 25% is distributed
to the Commonwealth. The Board may elect to claim
recovered resources, however, the Board will endeavour
to respect any stated preferences of the permittee.
As with other provinces and states, there are not
enough financial and human resources to fully
implement the law and to act in a more proactive
manner. Fines may be collected by the enforcement
agency (good incentive to enforce laws).
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Two types of permits are issued: reconnaissance and
excavation. Reconnaissance permits are granted for non
disruptive inspection and identification of an
underwater archaeological resource and is
characterized by minimal site disturbance.
Reconnaissance permits are valid for one year and can
be renewed. The fee for Reconnaissance permits is ten
dollars per year. Excavation permits are granted to
those who wish to uncover and/or recover
archaeological resources through the use of disruptive
investigation techniques. Excavation permits are
granted for a period of one year, are renewable and
cost one hundred dollars. Permits are exclusive,
meaning that no others may have access to the site
during the duration of the permit. Buffer zones are
established around and between permit areas.
Permittees are required to maintain detailed records
and to submit a final report. The permittee is
required to disseminate the results of his/her work
within one year of the project completion date. |
| Penalidades |
Violation of law is a misdemeanour
punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand
dollars, six months imprisonment of both. Forfeiture
of underwater archaeological resources. |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
Rhode Island |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Antiquities Act of Rhode Islandal
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
Chapter 42-45.1, 1974 |
| Administracion |
Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission |
| Jurisdiccion |
Protection
extends to underwater historic properties situated
under the navigable waters and territorial seas of the
state |
| Comentarios |
Underwater
historic property means any shipwreck, vessel, cargo,
tackle, or underwater archaeological specimen, or part
thereof, including any found at refuse sites or
submerged sites of former habitation, that has
remained unclaimed for more than ten years on the
bottoms of any navigable waters and territorial seas
of the state. Exclusive rights to field investigations
on lands owned or controlled by the state are held
with the state, all information and objects derived
from state lands shall remain the property of the
state and be utilized for scientific or public
educational purposes.
They have funding for a program called Rhode Island
Marine Archaeology Program, which has helped to train
over two hundred sport divers in underwater
archaeology. They also have a very active public
education campaign. Very few conflicts with sport
divers, although some sites have been vandalized by
divers.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Three types of permits are issued: (1) Phase 1
permits - for the identification of resources through
such means as remote sensing; (2) Phase 2 permits -
for determining the eligibility and boundaries of
underwater resources; and (3) Phase 3 permits - for
data recovery. There are no fees for permits. Permits
are issued for a maximum of one year - duration of
permits are evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Principle investigator must be qualified to do
proposed work according to standards set by the
National Parks Services. Required reports, etc. are
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. |
| Penalidades |
There are no set penalties for
contravention of the Act. |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
North Carolina |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 121, 1973,
c. 476, s. 48. |
| Administracion |
Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History,State
Historic Preservation Office,
Office
of State Archaeology. |
| Jurisdiccion |
Protection
is extended to all shipwrecks, vessels, cargoes,
tackle, and underwater archaeological artifacts which
have remained unclaimed for more than ten years
that lie on the bottoms of navigable waters
within one marine league seaward from the Atlantic
seashore measured from the extreme low watermark. |
| Comentarios |
A
permit is required to conduct any type of exploration,
recovery or salvage operations The applicant must show
that adequate funds, equipment, and facilities are
available to undertake and complete the proposed
operation, the applicant is capable of providing
supervision of all phases of the operation and has
demonstrated the ability to carry out acceptable
exploration, recovery or salvage projects. Among other
requirements, the applicant must be able to properly
conserve and curate recovered archaeological
artifacts. |
| Sistemas
de permisos |
A permit is required to conduct any type of
exploration, recovery or salvage operations on state
owned abandoned shipwrecks or underwater
archaeological artifacts. There are fees for the
permits. Permittee must be competent to conduct
research and/or salvage, have adequate funds to
complete project, artifacts must be conserved. Permits
are renewable. |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of the Act is considered
a Class 1 misdemeanour. |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
South Carolina |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute (Code of Laws) |
| Citación. |
Title 54, Chapter 7, Article 5, 1991; replaced the South
Carolina Antiquities Act of 1982 which itself
replaced an earlier Article 3 (regulating salvage
operations). |
| Administracion |
Underwater Division of the South Carolina Institute
of Archaeology and Anthropology; Sport Diver
Archaeology Management Program, Department of Natural
Resources. |
| Jurisdiccion |
Jurisdiction
includes waters between mean low water to 3 statute
miles, also includes inland waters. Shipwrecks are
defined as having been unclaimed for 50 years or
eligible for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places. |
| Comentarios |
Artifacts
are property of the State, but the title of such
articles may be transferred to a licensee pursuant to
a license issued by the institute. The Sport Diver
Archaeology Management Program offers field training
courses to interested divers so that they may assist
the SCIAA on underwater projects as volunteers. The
SCIAA also host workshops, presentations, and
conferences.
Great public outreach program and sport diver
training program.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
No license is required for non-disturbing
inspection, study, and the like. Licenses are issued
for four broad categories: (1) Hobby License; (2)
Exclusive License; (3) Intensive Survey License; and
(4) Data Recovery License. There are two categories of
Hobby Licenses: individual and instructional.
Individual Hobby Licenses are issued to individuals or
members of an immediate family. Instructional Hobby
Licenses are issued to skin and scuba diving
instructors or organized training facilities. Hobby
Licenses are issued to individuals who wish to conduct
temporary, intermittent, recreational, small scale,
noncommercial search and recovery of submerged
archaeological historic property. A two-day weekend
Hobby License fee is five dollars. For a six-month
Hobby License for an individual, the fees are five
dollars for residents of the State and ten dollars for
non-residents. For a two-year Hobby License for an
individual, the fees are eighteen dollars for
residents of the State and thirty-six dollars for
non-residents. Recovery of objects is limited to what
can be collected by hand, up to a maximum of ten
artifacts per day. Instructional licenses are issued
to a dive instructor, dive store, club, or dive
charter business desiring to allow student divers or
charter group divers without individual hobby licenses
to collect artifacts. Fees for six-month Instructional
Licenses are twenty dollars for residents and forty
dollars for nonresidents. Fees for two-year
Instructional Licenses are eighty dollars for
residents and one hundred and sixty dollars for
nonresidents. the same conditions as Hobby License
apply to the collection |
| Penalidades |
Contravention of the provisions set
forth for non-disturbing activities that do not
require a license is a misdemeanour, fine is a maximum
of fifty dollars, each day violation continues
constitutes a separate offense. Violation of Hobby
License terms is a misdemeanour, fine is a maximum of
one hundred dollars, each day violation continues
constitutes a separate offense. Violation of the terms
of an exclusive license is a misdemeanour, fine is a
maximum of ten thousand dollars or imprisonment for
not more than one year or both, each day violation
continues constitutes a separate offense. Excavation
or salvage of sunken warships is illegal. |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
Maryland |
| Titulo de la Ley |
The Submerged Archaeological Protection Act (State
Statute: Annotated Code of Maryland) and Protection of
Submerged Cultural Property (Regulations) |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statutecial
Pla |
| Citación. |
Art. 83B, §5-627, 1988 |
| Administracion |
Department of Housing and Community Development;
Division of Historical and Cultural Programs; The
Maryland Historical Trust |
| Jurisdiccion |
Submerged means
beneath or substantially beneath the territorial
waters of the state. Shipwrecks must have been
'unclaimed' for 100 years or be eligible for inclusion
in the National Register of Historic Places. |
| Comentarios |
Artifacts
are property of the State, but the Trust may
enter into agreements with the permittee for the
disposition of artifacts, including division of
artifacts. Permits are not required for reconnaissance
survey (casual diving). Casual collecting is permitted
as long as the shipwreck is not destroyed or damaged.
Not more than five individual artifacts may be
collected per day and they may not be in excess of
twenty-five pounds.
The casual collecting law has made enforcement
difficult. Many collectors simply claim to have
legally collected artifacts in their possession. There
are not enough financial and human resources. For a
state that is twenty-five percent water, there are
three underwater archaeologists.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Two types of permits are issued: Intensive Survey
and Data Recovery. Intensive Survey permits are
required to delineate boundaries of a potential
submerged archaeological historic property. Data
Recovery permits are required to conduct data recovery
on submerged archaeological historic property. Permits
are valid for one year with the possibility of renewal
for a second year. The Historical Trust is allowed to
charge fees for permits, but as of yet, they have not
done so. |
| Penalidades |
Violation of the Act or Regulations
constitutes a misdemeanour and for an individual
carries a fine of not more than $1,000, 30 days
imprisonment, or both; for a corporation it carries a
maximum fine of $10,000, 1 year imprisonment, or both.
a separate offense exists for each day the violation
continues. |
| País |
United States of America |
| Provincia/Estado |
|
| Titulo de la Ley |
iVermontal
Vermont Historic Preservation ActPlaces
Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
Title 22, Section 761-791, 1975, amended 1989, 1994,
1995 |
| Administracion |
Vermont Division For Historic Preservation; Agency
of Development and Community Affairs |
| Jurisdiccion |
Law applies to
underwater historic property (shipwrecks) that have
remained 'unclaimed' for more than ten years. All
historic property recovered belongs to the State,
unless title has been released to the permittee. |
| Comentarios |
Permits
are not needed for isolated finds. Isolated finds are
defined as specimens or artifacts that are not found
on or near shipwrecks or other kinds of underwater
historic property. Reporting of isolated finds is on
the honour system. Permits are not required to search
for underwater historic property in the course of
recreational diving.
Very good public outreach program and well
organized and active diving community.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Permits are required and issued for reconnaissance
activities and artifact recovery activities. No
specific time periods for permits, permittee must be
qualified to do proposed work. The permit may provide
for compensation to the diver in terms of cash value
or actual objects. State may waive its right to non
significant finds. |
| Penalidades |
Fines of up to $1,000 or six months
imprisonment or both. Forfeiture of all objects,
reports and photographs. |
| País |
Estados
Unidos de Norte América |
| Provincia/Estado |
Florida |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
State Statute |
| Citación. |
Chapter 267,1998 |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
Jurisdiction
includes state owned land or state owned sovereignty
submerged lands. Protection is extended to sunken or
abandoned ships, engineering works, treasure trove,
artifacts, or other objects with intrinsic historical
or archaeological value, or any part thereof, relating
to the history, government, and culture of the state.
Sovereignty submerged lands are defined as those lands
including but not limited to tidal flats, sand bars,
shallow banks, and lands seaward of the ordinary or
mean high water line, under navigable fresh and salt
waters to which the State of Florida acquired title to
on March 3, 1845. |
| Comentarios |
The
title to all treasure trove, artifacts, and such
objects having intrinsic or historical and
archaeological value belongs to the state and the
administrative and protection of such objects is the
responsibility of the Division of Historical Resources
of the Department of State.
The State of Florida recently underwent an
extensive review of their marine heritage laws as a
result of a few prominent court cases regarding
historic shipwrecks. Changes are soon expected to
their legislation. Florida has an educational outreach
program, active diving clubs, an a series of
underwater archaeological preserves.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Agreements (permits) are required for exploration or
salvage of archaeological materials from sovereignty
submerged lands. Exploration Agreements are issued to
determine the presence or absence of valuable
archaeological materials in the areas designated
without harming or damaging the archaeological
materials. The applicant must demonstrate his or
her ability to collect and record archaeological
information, properly care for and protect artifacts.
Data collected must be provided to the division within
a reasonable time. Salvage Agreements are issued to
conduct salvage activities and to recover, process,
and preserve archaeological materials. Applicant must
be qualified to conduct research, able to preserve and
care for artifacts. All artifacts must be returned to
the state following completion of study. |
| Penalidades |
Fines and prison terms vary according
to offense. In addition to fines and imprisonment, the
offender shall forfeit to the state all specimens,
objects, and materials collected, together with all
photographs and records relating to such material. |
| |
| País |
Reino
Unido de Gran Bretaña |
| Provincia/Estado |
Incluye
Inglaterra, Irlanda del Norte, Gales y Escocia. |
| Titulo de la
Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act Protection
of Wrecks Act 1973 |
| Tipo de Ley |
Estatuto
Federal |
| Citación. |
1973 |
| Administracion |
Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
(England)
Environment and Heritage Service, Department of the
Environment Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland)
Secretary of State for Scotland (Scotland)
Secretary of State for Wales (Wales) |
| Jurisdiccion |
| This Act empowers
the Government to designate by Order the site of what
is, or may prove to be, the wreck of a vessel which it
considers should be protected from unauthorised
interference because of its historical, archaeological
or artistic importance; 45 sites in UK waters are
currently designated. The Order identifies the site
and the extent of the 'restricted area' in which
certain activities are prohibited except under the
authority of a license issued by the Department for
Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), Historic Scotland,
Cadw (Welsh Historic Monument Executive Agency) or the
Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland
(DoE(NI)). These activities include tampering
with, damaging or removing any part of a wreck within
the area indicated, or carrying out diving or salvage
operations within the area or depositing anything
(i.e. anchoring) on the seabed within the area without
a special license issued by the Secretary of State
(Admiralty Notices to Mariners, published annually).
This Act only covers shipwrecks, and not other
submerged archaeological sites. |
|
| Comentarios |
Este
Acto es administrado por el Departamento de cultura,
medios y deportes, Escocia Historica, Cadw y el
departamento de medio ambiente para Irlanda del Norte.
The
Act is administered by the Department for Culture,
Media and Sport, Historic Scotland, Cadw and the
Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. An
Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites (ACHWS) has
been appointed to recommend designations and assess
survey and excavation license applications. The
Archaeological Diving Unit (ADU) has been contracted
to provide the Government with field archaeological
data on both existing designated sites and new sites
proposed for designation. The Protection of Wrecks
Act 1973 effectively removed historic shipwrecks
from the realm of general marine/salvage law. However,
all recovered materials from historic shipwrecks must
be declared to the Receiver of Wrecks (Department of
Transport) under the terms of the Merchant Shipping
Act 1894.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Se entregan cuatro
permisos diferentes: Visitante, recuperacion sobre
superficie, excavacion y reconocimiento. Los permisos
se por lorada de buceo de verano. En casos
excepcionales, los permisos se entregan por un año.
Los artefactos deben estar apropiadamente conservados.
Todos los registros de la excavacion deben ser
entregados a la comision real de monumentos
históricos de Inglaterra. Un informe de actividad
debe ser entregado al comite de asesores. |
| Penalidades |
|
| País |
Reino
Unido de Gran Bretaña |
| Provincia/Estado |
Incluyes
Inglaterra, Irlanda del Norte, Gales y escocia. |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Estatuto
Federal. |
| Citación. |
1996, Chapter 24 |
| Administracion |
Secretario
de Estado. |
| Jurisdiccion |
El Acta,
que reemplaza la ley comun de hallazgo de tesoros,
permite al secretario de estado regular el significado y
disposicion de tesoros. Más allá de la definicion
provista por el Acta, el secretario de estado puede por
una Orden designar clases de objetos que son de gran
importancia historica, arqueologica o cultural,
incluyendo aquellos considerados tesoros Los tesoros
incluyen monedas y otros objetos, si fueran más
antiguos de 300 años cuando se los encuentra y hechos
por lo menos con el 10% de oro o plata. Los objetos
asociados pueden tambien ser considerados tesoros si se
encuentran con él, como así tambien objetos que
anteriormente se consideraban tesoros. Los objetos que
no son considerados tesoros incluyen aquellos donde el
dueño puede ser nominado, objetos naturales sin
trabajar, incluyendo restos humanos y animales, aún si
fueran encontrados en asociacion con tesoros, y objetos
de la coste que no sean de naufragios. |
| Comentarios |
Los
objetos que se piensa son tesoros deben ser llevados a
la atencion del medico legista del distrito en el cual
se encontraron en el término de 14 días de su
descubrimient.Lo localizacion del hallazgo debe ser
dada. El descubridor debe entonces ir a la autoridad
competente para determinar si el objeto es clasifixcado
como tesoro. Si un museo lo desea adquirir, se decide
una compensacion por un comite independiente de
evaluacion. Alternativamente, el secretario de estado
puede dejarlo en anos del descubridor. Si se encuentra
en forma legal y con permisos, puede pagarse una
recompensa si el objeto es considerado tesoro y es
comprado por un museo.Si ha sido hallado en forma
impropia, se da poca o ninguna compensacion al que lo
halló.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
No hay permisos asociados con esta Acta. La gente que
tiene franquicias actuales de tesoros, o sus sucesores,
dadas por la Corona por derecho de un tesoro retienen
sus derechos para el lugar donde se encontró. |
| Penalidades |
Hay
penalidades por no informar al medico forense del
hallazgo. Esta incluyen prisión pr hasta tres meses,
una multa que no exceda de 5.000 libras o ambas. |
| País |
Australia |
| Provincia/Estado |
Nacional. |
| Titulo de la Ley |
Special
Places Protection Act |
| Tipo de Ley |
Estatuto Federal. |
| Citación. |
1976; revisiones en 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985 |
| Administracion |
|
| Jurisdiccion |
Hay
proteccion a los naufragios que estan situados en aguas
Australianas o sobre la plataforma marítima
continental, adyacente a la costa y que sean por lo
menos de hace 75 años. Se da proteccion a los pecios
aunque no se sepa de su existencia o localizacion. El
Ministerio puede declarar un area que no exceda de 200
hectareas, alrededor de un pecio para proteger la zona
en la cual no se pueden llevar a cabo actividades sin un
permiso. La HSA protege las aguas federales y cada
estado tiene legislacion ara tratar con las jurisdiccion
estatal. |
| Comentarios |
El
Ministerio lleva un registro conocido como Registro de
Pecios Históricos. Una persona que encuentra un
naufragio debe informar al Ministerio o enfrentar una
multa. La persona que es la primera en informar al
Ministerio de la localizacion de un naufragio puede
llegar a recibir un premio. Hay discusiones para evaluar
la posible revision del Acta. Comparado con otras
provincias y estados, Australia tiene un muy activo
programa de patrimonio marítimo que recibe muchos
fondos y soporte del gobierno. Aunque el robo es un
problema ocasional, las leyes fueron introducidas lo
bastante temprano como para que los buzos deportivos
estén mucho más enterados que los naufragios son una
fuente cultural para ser disfrutados y por ello cooperan
intensamente en su proteccion.
|
| Sistemas
de permisos |
Se
requieren permisos para entrar a una "Zona
Protegida" (como se define en el Acta): El
solicitante debe estar a bordo de la embarcacion toda
vez que se visite al pecio. El solicitante o
co-solicitante es responsable de asegurarse de que todas
las condiciones del permiso sean seguidas. Los
operadores comerciales pueden solicitar un permiso por
hasta 12 meses. Otras personas o grupos pueden nominar
hasta 3 fechas por permiso.
Tambien se requieren permisos para
"molestar" un sitio, o sea para tener acceso
para el proposito de descubrir/ exponer/ mover un pecio
historico y se debe dar una descripcion completa del
proyecto, metodologia y calificaciones de los
participantes.
Tambien se requieren de permisos para disponer de un
pecio o reliquia histórica; dañar o destruirlos y
removerlos de Asutralia, de aguas Asutralianas y de
aguas de la plataforma continental.
|
| Penalidades |
Existen
varias penalidades por la contravencion de diferentes
porciones del Acta. MUltas para individuos están entre $2,000
a $10,000 o cindo años de prision o ambas. Las penas
para las corporaciones están entre
$25,000 a $50,000. |
|
Historia
y Arqueologia Marítima